Apium graveolens FOR THE TREATMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE: A REVIEW
Amelia Putri, Ananda Amelia Putri, Elsa Nurhalisa, Firda Nurazizah, Hana Taqqiyatul Labibah, Jingga Damayanti Iskandar, Krismawaty Sihole, Nadia Amelia, Najma Padhlatunnisa, Putri Latifah Nur Zahro, Rayninda Illysa Haqqi, Siti Nuraini Maulida, Sukmana Ikbal, Zahra Adisty Rahma, Zahra Khairunnisa and Maulana Yusuf Alkandahri*
ABSTRACT
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the world's leading killer, accounting for 30% of deaths. The WHO report states that CVD kills 17.9 million people per year, with an estimated 22.2 million deaths from CVD projected for 2030. Meanwhile, the death rate increases with age. Based on gender, the death rate due to CVD in women (51%) is higher than in men (42%). To reduce and prevent CVD, most people rely on traditional plant-based medicines in addition to or in preference to commercially available medicines to help reverse the disease. One of the best-known medicinal plants for treating CVD is Apium graveolens. The active phytochemicals found in this plant are flavonoids, polyphenols, plant sterols, plant sulfur compounds, and terpenoids. The general mechanism of action of flavonoids is to prevent LDL oxidation, which causes vasodilation. Plant sterols prevent CVD by reducing cholesterol absorption in the blood. Plant sulfur compounds also prevent CVD through activation of Nrf2 and inhibition of cholesterol synthesis. Quinones reduce the risk of CVD by increasing ATP production in mitochondria, while terpenoids reduce atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic valve. This review article focuses on the effects of the plant of A. graveolens on the treatment of CVD.
Keywords: Apium graveolens, Cardiovascular diseases, Phytochemicals.
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