European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences

DIABETES MELLITUS WITH THEIR EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODEL

Vaishnavi U. Petkar*, Dr. G. V. Bihani and Dr. K. R. Biyani

ABSTRACT

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) encompasses a spectrum of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia, stemming from impaired insulin secretion, action, or both, impacting carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism. Insulin, pivotal as an anabolic hormone, modulates metabolic pathways predominantly in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver. Insufficiency in insulin levels, responses, or signalling cascades leads to metabolic dysregulation. Severity varies with diabetes type and duration, with uncontrolled cases risking coma and fatality. Experimental diabetes research, crucial for understanding pathophysiology and therapeutic developments, relies on animal models, primarily mice, due to their practicality and translational relevance. This review consolidates diverse in vivo animal models for diabetes research, crucial for drug evaluation and therapy assessment. The classification delineates three primary diabetes types: Type I, stemming from beta-cell destruction, necessitating insulin administration; Type II, characterized by insulin resistance and deficiency, often linked with lifestyle factors; and Gestational Diabetes, emerging during pregnancy, elevating long-term type II diabetes risk. Specific monogenetic types also exist, each with distinct etiologist and clinical manifestations. Diabetes pathogenesis involves diverse mechanisms including insulin resistance, abnormal glucose metabolism, and specific receptor dysfunctions. Common signs and symptoms encompass cellular glucose deprivation, leading to multi-organ complications including retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Treatment modalities range from stem cell therapy to dietary management, aiming at glycemic control and complications prevention. Animal models, including chemically-induced, genetic, and spontaneous types, play pivotal roles in understanding diabetes pathophysiology and therapeutic interventions. These models mimic human disease conditions and aid in developing novel therapies and preventive strategies.

Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, causes, Animal model, Insulin Resistance, Therapeutic Interventions.