European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences

TARGETING INCEPTOR: A NOVEL APPROACH FOR ENHANCING INSULIN SIGNALING AND PREVENTING ?-CELL FAILURE IN DIABETES MANAGEMENT

Swati D. Raysing* and Trupti P. Dongare

ABSTRACT

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic condition characterized by persistent hyperglycemia, affecting millions worldwide and presenting significant public health challenges. Its historical recognition dates back to ancient Egypt, with modern classifications including Type 1, Type 2, and other subtypes such as gestational and hybrid forms. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has exhibited a concerning global rise, driven by obesity, sedentary lifestyles, and genetic predispositions, increasingly affecting younger populations. Advances in treatment since the discovery of insulin in 1921 have significantly improved outcomes, yet the disease remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Current research highlights β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance as central to T2DM pathophysiology, with novel insights into insulin signaling mechanisms offering therapeutic promise. The discovery of the insulin-inhibitory receptor (inceptor) has opened avenues for enhancing β-cell proliferation and sensitivity to insulin, demonstrating potential in combating insulin resistance. Additionally, targeting inceptor activity has shown promise in improving glucose metabolism without affecting body composition, positioning it as a viable therapeutic target. Continued exploration into the molecular and genetic underpinnings of DM is essential for developing innovative strategies to mitigate its impact. This review encapsulates historical, clinical, and emerging aspects of diabetes management, emphasizing the evolving landscape of therapeutic interventions.

Keywords: Insulin receptor (INSR), insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R), diabetes mellitus (DM), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), insulin receptor (IR), insulin receptor substrate (IRS), Diet induced obese (DIO).