European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences

AN IN-DEPTH REVIEW OF TAXONOMY, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, AND PHARMACOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF CROCUS SATIVUS (SAFFRON)

N. Ramasamy, Anil Kumar, Bhagwat N. Poul, Manjari, Parimi Sushma Sai, Joni Das, Naralasetti Sri Veera Bhavani, Yash Srivastav and Konda V. V. S. Krishna*

ABSTRACT

Saffron (Crocus sativus), a highly valued medicinal plant, has been extensively studied for its diverse pharmacological properties. Its bioactive constituents, including crocin, safranal, and picrocrocin, contribute to its neuroprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, cardioprotective, and mood-enhancing effects. Traditionally used in various cultural and medicinal systems, saffron has gained increasing attention in modern research for its potential in oncology, neurology, metabolic disorders, and psychiatric conditions. The therapeutic effects of saffron have been attributed to its ability to modulate oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, and neurotransmitter pathways. Clinical studies suggest saffron may be comparable to conventional drugs for treating conditions such as depression, cognitive decline, and metabolic syndromes, yet challenges in standardization, adulteration, and bioavailability remain key barriers to its widespread clinical application. Advances in nanotechnology, biotechnology, and synthetic biology are paving the way for the development of saffron-based pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals with enhanced efficacy and sustainability. This review comprehensively explores saffron’s taxonomy, phytochemistry, pharmacological significance, therapeutic applications, and future research prospects, providing insights into its evolving role in integrative and precision medicine.

Keywords: Crocus sativus, saffron, crocin, safranal, phytochemistry, neuroprotection, anticancer, antioxidants, inflammation, cardiovascular health, metabolic regulation, mood disorders, clinical applications, biotechnology, personalized medicine.