European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences

DECODING AMNESIA: NEURAL MECHANISMS, ANIMAL MODELS, AND TRANSLATIONAL INSIGHTS

*Shalini Sharma, Dr. Deovrat Kumar

ABSTRACT

Amnesia is a multifactorial neurological disorder that is marked by loss in encoding, consolidation, and retrieving memories. This review examines the clinical subtypes of amnesia- such as anterograde, retrograde, transient global and dissociative amnesia-and the neural basis underlying these subtypes especially the hippocampus, medial temporal lobe and the network of associated cortices. We emphasize such important molecular processes as the disruption of synaptic plasticity, the neurotransmitter imbalance, and neuro inflammatory signalling. The animal models have played an invaluable role in explaining the pathophysiology of amnesia. CREB, BDNF, and NMDA receptor pathway models Chemically induced models (e.g., scopolamine, muscimol) and genetic manipulations have provided important understanding of the dysfunction of memory and therapeutic targets. Rodent and zebrafish models can be used to complement each other in the study of molecular cascades and behavioural phenotypes. The cross-species comparisons are highlighted in order to increase translational relevance, to make the difference between preclinical results and human clinical outcomes. New treatment options, such as pharmaceutical intervention, neuromodulation and gene therapy, are addressed in terms of mnemonic recovery. This review aim to cover the horizon of animal models used to study amnesia and its related complication.

Keywords: Amnesia, muscimol, Phenotypes, neuroinflammatory, therapeutics.