European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences

IMPACT OF DYSLIPIDEMIA ON HEART ATTACK RISK: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, CLINICAL RELEVANCE AND THERAPEUTIC INSIGHTS

*Muskan Gull, Dr. Richa Thakur, Dr. Abhishek Gupta

ABSTRACT

Dyslipidemia, which is the presence of abnormal lipid levels in the blood, is a major risk factor that can be changed for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, including heart attacks and strokes. This review looks at the causes and types of dyslipidemia, its connection to heart events, the range of clinical outcomes, diagnostic methods, and both current and new treatment strategies. New guidelines focus on personalized risk assessment and using multiple medications together. Even with significant progress, there are still gaps in effective risk assessment and long-term care. This calls for more research to lessen the global impact of cardiovascular issues. Objectives: The purpose of this review is to provide a detailed overview of the epidemiology, causes, and classification of dyslipidemia. Examine its pathophysiology and its connection to cardiovascular disease. It summarizes the clinical signs, diagnostic methods, and complications. And also critically evaluate management strategies and recent improvements in therapy. Identify current research gaps and future directions for better CVD risk reduction. Methods: This review adopts a narrative approach to synthesizing evidence from secondary sources. Databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched for articles using keywords such as Dyslipidemia, Lipid abnormalities, cardiovascular disease, heart attack, myocardial infarction, diagnosis of dyslipidemia, and lipid - lowering therapy. Results: Dyslipidemia affects about 30-40% of adults globally and is strongly associated with myocardial infarction, especially in South Asian populations. Elevated LDL-C and triglycerides with low HDL-C levels contribute to atherosclerosis and plaque rupture. Statins remain the mainstay of therapy, while newer agents like PCSK9 inhibitors and inclisiran provide additional LDL reduction. Each 1 mmol/L decrease in LDL-C lowers heart attack risk by about 22%. However, underdiagnosis, poor adherence, and limited access to advanced therapies continue to hinder effective management, highlighting the need for improved screening and ethnicity-based treatment approaches. Conclusion: Finally, dyslipidemia is an important and extremely common determinant of myocardial infarction whose global burden is driven by both genetic and lifestyle factors. As extensive research has been conducted on dyslipidemia, there are still significant gaps in early diagnosis, ethnicity stratified risk prediction, and access to sophisticated treatment. This review thus seeks to bring together existing knowledge regarding the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical significance, and therapeutic approach of dyslipidemia as well as highlighting areas for further study and intervention.

Keywords: Dyslipidemia, Cardiovascular Disease, Myocardial Infarction, Atherosclerosis, Lipid Abnormalities, Statins, PCSK9 Inhibitors, Heart Attack Prevention.