European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences

FROM TRADITIONAL HERB TO MODERN MEDICINE: A REVIEW OF ACYRANTHES ASPERA LINN

Kuddulwar Shreya S.*, Ramteke Kuldeep H.

ABSTRACT

Achyranthes aspera L. (family Amaranthaceae), popularly known as apamarga, prickly chaff flower, devil’s horsewhip, or rough chaff tree, is one of the most widely used medicinal weeds in traditional healing systems across Asia and Africa. Although often regarded as a roadside plant, it has a long and respected history in Ayurveda, folk medicine, and other ethnomedical traditions for treating respiratory, digestive, inflammatory, dermatological, urinary, reproductive, and infectious disorders. Over the last few decades, modern experimental studies have increasingly supported many of these historical claims. The plant has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, wound-healing, antihelminthic, bronchodilatory, diuretic, antidepressant, immunomodulatory, anticancer, and anti-fertility activities. These pharmacological effects are attributed to a diverse phytochemical profile that includes saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, betaine, ecdysterone, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid derivatives, and other constituents. Recent studies using chromatography, GC-MS, UHPLC-HRMS, network pharmacology, docking, and in vivo assays have expanded our understanding of its bioactivity and mechanisms of action.[1,2,3,4,] This review provides a comprehensive and updated synthesis of the botanical identity, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, safety concerns, mechanistic insights, research gaps, and translational prospects of A. aspera, framing it as a promising bridge between traditional herbal medicine and modern drug discovery.[5,6]

Keywords: Achyranthes aspera, apamarga, ethnomedicine, phytochemistry, pharmacology, herbal drug development, traditional medicine.