Abstract
VACCINE DELIVERY SYSTEMS: A REVIEW

B. Premkumar*, D. Dhachinamoorthi, M. Raja Gopal

ABSTRACT

Vaccines are among the most effective public health interventions for the prevention and control of infectious diseases. They induce immunologically mediated protection by stimulating the body's immune system through the administration of inactivated or live-attenuated pathogens, purified antigenic subunits, nucleic acids (DNA or mRNA), or viral vectors encoding specific antigens. The success of vaccination depends not only on the antigen but also on the efficiency of the vaccine delivery system and the use of suitable adjuvants. Delivery platforms such as emulsions, liposomes, microparticles, nanoparticles, and polymer-based carriers enhance antigen stability, improve targeted delivery, promote sustained release, and strengthen immune responses. Likewise, adjuvants including aluminum salts (alum), CpG oligodeoxynucleotides, and other immunostimulatory molecules further enhance vaccine efficacy by activating innate and adaptive immunity. This review highlights the different types of vaccines, their delivery systems, mechanisms of immune activation, recent technological advances, and future perspectives in vaccine development.

Keywords: Vaccine delivery systems; Vaccines; Adjuvants; Nanoparticles; Liposomes; mRNA vaccines; Viral vector vaccines; Immune response.


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