European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences

A STUDY ON CHARACTERIZATION OF H. PYLORI STRAINS ISOLATED FROM GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GERD) AND NON GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GERD) PATIENTS

*Kehar Singh and Dr. Gaikwad Dushyant Dadabhau

ABSTRACT

25% to 40% of the world's population suffers from gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which is caused by the reflux of gastric acid into the esophagus. Reflux esophagitis (RE) increases the risk of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma in patients. In patients with GERD, the risk factors include age, body mass index, hiatal hernia, NSAID use, alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoke. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, which affects 70 to 90 percent of the developing world's population, is the primary cause of peptic ulceration and gastric cancer globally. The virulence genes cytotoxin-associated antigen (cagA), vacuolating cytotoxin (vacA), and induced upon contact with epithelium (iceA) are involved in the pathogenesis of H. pylori. The polymorphism of these virulent genes has been linked to distinct pathological characteristics in H. pylori-infected adults with gastrointestinal diseases. CagA and vacA polymorphisms, alone or in combination, are associated with H. pylori-related pathogenesis. The association between H. pylori and peptic ulcer disease, MALT lymphoma, and gastric adenocarcinoma is well-established, whereas its significance in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) remains debatable. There are frequent reports of an inverse relationship between H. pylori and GERD; however, population-based studies with high-quality data to support this supposition are scarce and contradictory. In addition, there are few reports on the epidemiology of GERD in India. The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in India is probably between 8% and 19%, which is comparable to GERD prevalence rates reported in western nations pylori infections can be treated by eradicating the bacteria with a combination of a proton pump inhibitor and multiple antibiotics. Metronidazole, furazolidone, clarithromycin, amoxicillin, levofloxacin, and tetracycline are the most frequently employed antibiotics against H. pylori. Resistance to antibiotics is a significant issue with H. pylori, and it is rapidly increasing and reaching alarming levels. The prevalence of dual and multidrug resistance has also increased significantly in a number of countries and has become a significant barrier to the eradication of the H. pylori infection. Clarithromycin is a macrolide that has been recommended by the majority of consensus meetings and is commonly used in first-line therapy. Clarithromycin should not be used to treat H. pylori infection due to the high prevalence of clarithromycin resistance (greater than 15-20%). Clarithromycin is a bacteriostatic antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to domain V of the 23S rRNA gene in the 50S ribosomal subunit of microorganisms. According to a mutagenesis analysis, the most prevalent 23S rRNA mutations that confer resistance to this macrolide are adenine-to-guanine transitions at positions 2142 and 2143. The imperative need to develop new non-antibiotic antibacterial agents for H. pylori infection is a result of the escalating complications of conventional combination therapies. In this investigation, the novel bioactive preparations of natural origin are lichen Parmelia perlata, also known as stone flower, which is commonly used to enhance the flavor and taste of food. In ancient folklore, it was used as a cosmetic and was said to have medicinal properties. It was used to treat dysentery, diarrhea, wound healing, and dyspepsia.

Keywords: H. Pylori Strains, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (Gerd).